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- Essay Name : 1394.txt
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- Language :
- Subject : Biology
- Title : Can Geneics Cause Crime
- Grade : A
- School System : University
- Country : us
- Author Comments :
- Teacher Comments :
- Date : 11/20/96
- Site found at : luck
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- Can Genetics Cause Crime ?
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- Introduction to Criminal Justice System
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- Dr. Mike Carlie
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- Are genetic factors more likely to make one person
- perform violent acts? Many doctors and researchers in the
- field of genetics have searched for a answer to this
- question.
- During 1989-93 one such researcher named Dr. Sullivan found
- some interesting points about genetics and crime.
- Sullivan while working for the Bush administrationÆs
- secretary of health and human services during 1989-1993 was
- appalled by the epidemic of violent crimes he saw taking
- place in American cities. According to Dr. Sullivan,
- ô more than 26,000 Americans were murdered,
- and six million violent crimes were committed
- with young men and minorities falling victim
- most frequentlyö.
- Sullivan also reported that about one in every 27 black men,
- compared to one in every 205 white men, died violently also
- 1 in 117 black women met a untimely end as compared to white
- women which only 1 in 496 were killed due to violent crimes.
- This is not surprising that young males commit most of the
- serious crimes. According to an article in Scientific
- American, only 12.5 percent of violent crime in the U.S. in
- 1992 was committed by females. What is also surprising
- according to W.W. Gibbs the author of ôSeeking the Criminal
- Element,ö in Scientific American,(1995 March) pp 100-107,
- is that a very small number of criminals are responsible for
- the majority of the violent crime.
- Sullivan who is now the president of the Morehouse
- School of Medicine in Atlanta wanted to try and address the
- violence as a public health issue. In an interview after he
- left office in 1993, Dr. Sullivan explains that his rational
- for this was that the higher increases in violent crimes and
- specifically homicide in the young male population in large
- cities. Which was higher than any other social group in
- America at this time.
- Dr. Sullivan then began to organize his departmentÆs
- research resources under the banner of the so called
- ôViolence Initiativeö as he put it. With the predominant
- thought of looking at unemployment, poverty, the use of
- drugs and any other factors that might help to contribute to
- the likelihood of causing violence. Primarily SullivansÆ
- research was directed towards the psychological and
- sociological point of view. Sullivan primarily working with
- the before mentioned points and only worked lightly with the
- biological aspects, such as race, gender, brain chemistry
- and genetic make up.
- Dr. Sullivans research, did find some links between
- aggressive behavior, and disturbances in the level of a
- chemical called Serotoin. Which is directly related to
- certain genes. Although there was no conclusive proof that
- this abnormal gene was completely responsible for a
- increases in violence, Another study in 1993 also found a
- link between genes and violence. The X chromosome mutation
- which was discovered in a certain Dutch family was found to
- be associated with mild retardation and aggressive,
- sometimes violent criminal behavior. The mutation causes
- complete deficiency of the enzyme monoamine oxidase also
- called (maoa), which metabolizes the neurotransmitters
- serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline.
- According to David Goldman, a geneticist at the
- National Institute of Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse points
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- ô men who possess this abnormal
- gene may typically engage in impulsive
- aggression, but the time, place, type, and
- seriousness of their crimes ( which include
- exhibitionism, attempted rape, and arson)
- have been diverse and unpredictable.ö
- Although these are examples of gene related violence,
- genetic information so far has been fairly unpredictable.
- Finding a defect such as the maoa mutation is an
- exceedingly rare event. Also according to Margret McCarthy
- of the University of Maryland School of Medicine, what
- matters in not whether someone possesses a gene, but whether
- that gene is expressed.
- Although seems that genetics is unlikely to tell us
- much of practical value about crime, other aspects of human
- biology may be more useful. Adrian Rain of the University of
- Southern California at Los Angeles, showed cat scans
- comparing brain activity in 42 murderers with that of an
- equal number of normal controls. The murderers tended to
- have less prefrontal activity, was consistent with RaineÆs
- Hypothesis that a damaged prefrontal cortex can lead to
- impulsive aggressive behavior. But murderers, like the rest
- of us, are a heterogeneous group of people, Rain cautioned
- strongly against regarding such scans as diagnostic. And
- that you canÆt do brain scanning on everyone and tell if
- they will commit murder. In short applying this kind of
- research to crime control often raises ethical and political
- issues and the same can be expected of genetic scanning and
- other aspects of biological research when itÆs related to
- controlling crime.
- It is possible that genetic research may eventually
- contribute something to our knowledge of crime, and perhaps
- even to its control. But the contribution will most likely
- be indirect. And any aspects of genetic disorders or other
- biological factors, most likely will be contributed to other
- things such as alcoholism and addictions rather than genes
- being blamed for the violent behavior. Diana Fishbein, of
- the US Department of Justice states that, criminologists
- need to call for more research into behavioral disorders and
- attention disorders and certain other temperamental traits
- like impulstivity that might be more likely to turn up
- better results in the fight against crime.
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- Sources Cited
- Gidds W.W. (1995,March) ôSeeking the Criminal Element,ö
- Scientic American, pp 100-108.
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- Hallinan J. (1995, March 19th) ôPrisons Becoming Major
- Industry,ö the Huntsville Times, pp A19-20.
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- Internet Address Text: NYU@.crime.htm.com, Genetics and
- Crime, By Wilson R.J. (1994),
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